traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and death from injury in the world. the interleukin-1 (il-1) is a family of cytokines that act as key mediators of the inflammatory response peripherally and centrally. based on many studies, researchers found that the il-1 is the well-known molecule in relation to acute tbi in the models of both focal and diffuse injuries. the il-1 family...

The aim of this study is to present a rational coherent hypothesis to explain the palpable involuntary movements of the cranium. The arterial and venous anatomy inside and around the skull and spinal column presents a complete vascular system with the capacity to regulate intra-cranial pressure to a level of equilibrium slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. Variations in cerebrospinal flui...

objective: pseudotumor cerbri (ptc) is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased intra-cranial pressure (icp) without any evidence of a mass lesion or any obstructive process. the incidence is 0.9-2 per 100.000 people. it is more frequent in adults in the 20-30 years age group, especially obese women, and less common in pediatric age groups; 11-16 years old children may however suffer from...